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BOOK II REFERENCES

CHAPTER 1


Anderson GL, Limacher M, Assaf AR, et al. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: The Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;291(14):1701–1712.

Arslan RC, Schilling KM, Gerlach TM, Penke L. Salivary immunoassays of estradiol have subpar validity for evaluating reproductive and menopausal steroids. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2023;152:106096.

Bancroft J, Cawood EH. Androgen levels and sexual interest in women: The role of SHBG and free testosterone. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1996;21(7):587–598.

Brouillard A, et al. Comparison of immunoassay and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for measurement of estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone in saliva. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2025.

Donovitz GS, et al. Society position statements on bioidentical hormones, misinformation, and patient safety. Proceedings (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2021;34(4):517–520.

Dunn JF, Nisula BC, Rodbard D. Transport of steroid hormones: Binding of 21 endogenous steroids to both testosterone-binding globulin and corticosteroid-binding globulin in human plasma. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 1981;53(1):58–68.


Goodman NF, Cobin RH, Ginzburg SB, Katz IA, Woode DE; AACE Reproductive Endocrinology Scientific Committee. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for the diagnosis and treatment of menopause. Endocrine Practice. 2011;17(Suppl 6):1–25.

Gregory S, et al. Establishing reference ranges for salivary steroid hormones using LC-MS/MS in adults. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine. 2023.

Gruenstein EI, et al. Validation of a dried blood spot assay for testosterone measurement using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Clinical Biochemistry. 2024.

Hammond GL. Access of reproductive steroids to target tissues. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. 2002;29(3):411–423.

Harper-Harrison G, et al. Hormone replacement therapy. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2024.


Huang T, et al. Correlation between salivary and serum gonadal hormone concentrations: Methodological considerations and clinical implications. American Journal of Physiology – Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2023.

Järvinen AJ, et al. Absorption and bioavailability of oestradiol from gel, patch, and tablet formulations in postmenopausal women. Maturitas. 1999;32(2):103–113.

Kuhl H. Pharmacology of estrogens and progestogens: Influence of different routes of administration. Climacteric. 2005;8(Suppl 1):3–63.

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The Clinical Utility of Compounded Bioidentical Hormone Therapy: A Review of Safety, Effectiveness, and Use. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2020.

Newman MS, et al. Reliability of a dried urine test for comprehensive assessment of steroid hormones and metabolites. BMC Chemistry. 2021;15:19.

O’Leary P, Flett P, Beilby J, Phillips PJ. Pharmacokinetics of sublingual estrogen therapy in postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2000;7(2):138–142.

Reginster JY, et al. Estradiol pharmacokinetics after transdermal application: Matrix versus reservoir patches. Climacteric. 2000.


Rosner W, Auchus RJ, Azziz R, Sluss PM, Raff H. Position statement: Utility, limitations, and pitfalls in measuring testosterone. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2007;92(2):405–413.

Sakkas D, et al. Multi-centre evaluation of salivary hormone testing compared with serum for estradiol and progesterone. Reproductive Biomedicine Online. 2021.

Slettvoll T, et al. Non-invasive assessment of free steroid hormones: LC-MS/MS method development for saliva testing. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2025.

The North American Menopause Society. The 2022 hormone therapy position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2022.

Utian WH. The International Menopause Society menopause-related terminology definitions. Climacteric. 1999;2(4):284–286.


Waddell BJ, O’Leary P. Tissue concentrations of estradiol following topical application: Implications for hormone replacement therapy. Clinical Endocrinology (Oxf). 2002;57(5):613–618.

Wilson JD. The metabolism of progesterone in man. Recent Progress in Hormone Research. 1996;51:23–50.

Wilson JF. Menopause and the aging female reproductive system. In: Gardner DG, Shoback D, eds. Greenspan’s Basic & Clinical Endocrinology. 9th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education; 2011.


Zava DT, Blen M, Duwe G. Salivary progesterone and estradiol measurement: Validation and clinical application. Clinical Chemistry. 1993;39(11):2252–2258.


Zava DT, Dollbaum CM, Blen M. Estrogen and progestin bioactivity of foods, herbs, and spices. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 1998;217(3):369–378.


Zava DT, Dollbaum CM, Thakar VV. Validation of dried urine hormone testing for monitoring hormone replacement therapy. Alternative Medicine Review. 2004;9(3):234–241.


Zava DT, Huggins GR. Estrogen and progesterone metabolites: Relationship to breast cancer risk factors. Steroids. 1998;63(5–6):287–291.


Zava DT, Zava CA. Estrogen metabolism and breast cancer risk: A review of the evidence. Journal of Nutrition. 2007;137(2 Suppl):S219–S226.


Zava DT, Zava CA. Dried urine testing for steroid hormones and metabolites: Clinical applications and interpretation. Integrative Medicine (Encinitas). 2013;12(1):18–25.

 

CHAPTER 2 


Biondi B, Cooper DS. The clinical significance of subclinical thyroid dysfunction. Endocr Rev. 2008;29(1):76-131.


Brent GA. Mechanisms of thyroid hormone action. J Clin Invest. 2012;122(9):3035-3043.


El-Farhan N, Rees DA, Evans C. Measuring cortisol in serum, urine and saliva: are our assays good enough? Ann Clin Biochem. 2017;54(3):308-322.


Fliers E, Bianco AC, Langouche L, Boelen A. Thyroid function in critically ill patients. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2015;3(10):816-825.


Gibson S, Checkley S, Papadopoulos A, Poon L, Daley S, Wardle J. Increased salivary cortisol reliably induced by a protein-rich midday meal. Psychosom Med. 1999;61(2):214-224.


Hansen AM, Garde AH, Christensen JM, Eller NH, Netterstrøm B. Reference intervals and variation for urinary cortisol and cortisone in healthy subjects. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2003;41(4):552-560.


Hennessey JV. The emergence of levothyroxine as a treatment for hypothyroidism. Endocrine. 2017;55(1):6-18.


Hoermann R, Midgley JEM, Larisch R, Dietrich JW. Relational stability of thyroid hormones in euthyroid subjects and patients with autoimmune thyroid disease. Eur Thyroid J. 2016;5(3):171-179.


Kempke S, Luyten P, Van Wambeke P, et al. Salivary cortisol response to awakening in chronic fatigue syndrome. Psychosom Med. 2013;75(6):561-569.


Midgley JEM, Larisch R, Dietrich JW, Hoermann R. Variation in the biochemical response to L-thyroxine therapy and relationship with peripheral thyroid hormone conversion efficiency. Endocr Connect. 2015;4(3):R13-R25.


Nicoloff JT, Lopresti JS. Nonthyroidal illness syndrome. Annu Rev Med. 1993;44:141-152.


Papanicolaou DA, Yanovski JA, Cutler GB Jr, Chrousos GP. A single midnight serum cortisol measurement distinguishes Cushing’s syndrome from pseudo-Cushing states. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83(4):1163-1167.


Persani L. Clinical review: central hypothyroidism: pathogenic, diagnostic, and therapeutic challenges. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(9):3068-3078.


Russell GM, Kalafatakis K, Lightman SL. The importance of biological rhythms in stress hormone measurement. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2015;82(5):619-628.
Saravanan P, Chau WF, Roberts N, Vedhara K, Greenwood R, Dayan CM. Psychological well-being in patients on “adequate” doses of L-thyroxine: results of a large, controlled community-based questionnaire study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2002;57(5):577-585.


Spencer CA, Schwarzbein D, Guttler RB, LoPresti JS, Wheeler MH. Thyrotropin suppression and disease progression in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 1998;8(9):737-744.


Stalder T, Kirschbaum C. Analysis of cortisol in hair—state of the art and future directions. Brain Behav Immun. 2012;26(7):1019-1029.


Tozzoli R, Bizzaro N, Tonutti E, et al. Guidelines for the laboratory use of thyroid function tests. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2003;41(7):862-874.


Vining RF, McGinley RA, Maksvytis JJ, Ho KY. Salivary cortisol: a better measure of adrenal cortical function than serum cortisol. Ann Clin Biochem. 1983;20(Pt 6):329-335.


Wardle J, Steptoe A, Gibson EL, et al. Stress and cortisol response to a low-fat meal. Psychosom Med. 2000;62(6):828-836.


Wartofsky L, Dickey RA. The evidence for a narrower thyrotropin reference range is compelling. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(9):5483-5488.


Zava DT, Zava I. Validation of dried urine hormone testing for the assessment of cortisol and cortisol metabolites. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2020;198:105554.


Zava DT, Zava I, Park YJ. Salivary hormone testing: validation of a noninvasive method for assessing cortisol and steroid hormone exposure. Altern Ther Health Med. 2005;11(2):24-34.


 

CHAPTER 3


Bischoff SC, Barbara G, Buurman W, et al. Intestinal permeability—a new target for disease prevention and therapy. BMC Gastroenterol. 2014;14:189.


Bouatra S, Aziat F, Mandal R, et al. The human urine metabolome. PLoS One. 2013;8(9):e73076.


Brandtzaeg P. Secretory IgA: designed for anti-microbial defense. Front Immunol. 2013;4:222.


Camilleri M, Lasch K, Zhou W. Irritable bowel syndrome: methods, mechanisms, and pathophysiology. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2012;303(7):G775–G785.


Cani PD, Amar J, Iglesias MA, et al. Metabolic endotoxemia initiates obesity and insulin resistance. Diabetes. 2007;56(7):1761–1772.


Domínguez-Muñoz JE. Pancreatic enzyme therapy for pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2007;9(2):116–122.


Domínguez-Muñoz JE. Diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2018;34(5):349–354.


Fasano A. Zonulin, regulation of tight junctions, and autoimmune diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2012;1258:25–33.


Fernandez-Banares F, Esteve M, Salas A, et al. Systematic evaluation of the causes of chronic watery diarrhea. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102(11):2520–2528.


Fine KD, Ogunji F, Saloum Y, Beharry S, Crippin J. The prevalence and causes of chronic diarrhea in patients with celiac sprue treated with a gluten-free diet. Gastroenterology. 1997;112(6):1830–1838.


Ghosh SS, Wang J, Yannie PJ, Ghosh S. Intestinal barrier dysfunction, LPS translocation, and disease. Aging Dis. 2020;11(3):517–532.


Holtmann G, Talley NJ. Functional dyspepsia. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2015;31(6):492–498.


Keller J, Layer P. Human pancreatic exocrine response to nutrients in health and disease. Gut. 2005;54(suppl 6):vi1–vi28.


Layer P, Keller J. Pancreatic enzymes: secretion and luminal nutrient digestion in health and disease. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1999;28(1):3–10.


Leech B, Schloss PD. Short-chain fatty acids as modulators of the gut microbiome. Trends Microbiol. 2021;29(9):824–835.


Lembcke B. Diagnosis of fat malabsorption. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2010;24(3):277–285.


Loser C, Mollgaard A, Folsch UR. Faecal elastase 1: a novel, highly sensitive, and specific tubeless pancreatic function test. Gut. 1996;39(4):580–586.


Macpherson AJ, Slack E, Geuking MB, McCoy KD. The mucosal firewalls against commensal intestinal microbes. Semin Immunopathol. 2009;31(2):145–149.


Odenwald MA, Turner JR. The intestinal epithelial barrier: a therapeutic target? Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;14(1):9–21.
Othman MO, Harb D, Barkin JA. Introduction and practical approach to exocrine pancreatic insufficiency for the practicing clinician. Int J Clin Pract. 2018;72(2):e13066.


Pérez-Burillo S, Pastoriza S, Gironés R, et al. Relationship between gut microbiota composition and intestinal permeability. Nutrients. 2021;13(9):2972.
Quigley EMM. Gut bacteria in health and disease. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2013;9(9):560–569.


Serrano-Pertierra E, Oliveira A, Roca M, et al. Biomarkers for intestinal malabsorption and nutrient uptake. Nutrients. 2020;12(6):1738.


Shulman RJ, Eakin MN, Czyzewski DI, Jarrett M, Ou CN. Increased gastrointestinal permeability and gut inflammation in children with functional abdominal pain and irritable bowel syndrome. J Pediatr. 2008;153(5):646–650.


Tilg H, Zmora N, Adolph TE, Elinav E. The intestinal microbiota fuelling metabolic inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol. 2020;20(1):40–54.


Vancamelbeke M, Vermeire S. The intestinal barrier: a fundamental role in health and disease. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;11(9):821–834.


Zmora N, Suez J, Elinav E. You are what you eat: diet, health and the gut microbiota. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;16(1):35–56.

CHAPTER 4


Carr S, Chan E, Lavine E, Moote W. CSACI position statement on the testing of food-specific IgG. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2012;8(1):12.


Cui L, Morris A, Ghedin E. The human mycobiome in health and disease. Genome Med. 2013;5(7):63.


Hall GS, Pratt-Rippin K, Meisler DM, Washington JA. Clinical significance of Candida antibodies. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 1987;7(1):1–7.


Maintz L, Novak N. Histamine and histamine intolerance. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85(5):1185–1196.


Maes M, Mihaylova I, Leunis JC. Increased IgA and IgM responses to food antigens in metabolic and inflammatory disorders. Mol Neurobiol. 2007;36(1):1–8.


Matsumoto K, Inoue H. Food allergy and intolerance in relation to obesity. Allergol Int. 2014;63(2):163–170.


Odds FC. Candida and candidosis: a review and bibliography. Baillieres Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 1988;2(1):115–130.


Quigley EMM, Quera R. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: roles of antibiotics, prebiotics, and probiotics. Gastroenterology. 2006;130(2 suppl 1):S78–S90.


Rezaie A, Buresi M, Lembo A, et al. Hydrogen and methane-based breath testing in gastrointestinal disorders: the North American consensus. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112(5):775–784.


Saad RJ, Chey WD. Breath testing for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: maximizing test accuracy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;12(12):1964–1972.


Schink M, Konturek PC, Tietz E, et al. Microbial patterns in patients with histamine intolerance. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2018;69(4):579–593.


Stapleton M, Howard-Thompson A, George C, Hoover RM, Self TH. Food allergy and food intolerance: a review of the literature. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2012;112(10):716–724.


Strati F, Di Paola M, Stefanini I, et al. Age and gender affect the composition of fungal populations of the human gastrointestinal tract. Front Microbiol. 2016;7:1227.


Wang X, Li X, Xu H, et al. Association between food-specific IgG antibodies and body mass index, insulin resistance, and inflammatory markers. Clin Nutr. 2020;39(8):2504–2511.


Wilders-Truschnig M, Mangge H, Lieners C, Gruber HJ, Mayer C, März W. IgG antibodies against food antigens are correlated with inflammation and metabolic markers in overweight and obese adults. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2008;147(1):34–41.


Wilders-Truschnig M, Mangge H, Lieners C, et al. Food-specific IgG antibodies are associated with chronic low-grade inflammation in obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2009;17(10):1933–1939.


Zuo HJ, Xue B, Hu ZL, et al. Serum food-specific IgG antibodies are associated with metabolic syndrome in Chinese adults. Nutrients. 2018;10(6):810.

 


CHAPTER 5


Allen LH. Causes of vitamin B12 and folate deficiency. Food Nutr Bull. 2008;29(2 Suppl):S20-S34.


Apostoli P. Biomonitoring of metals: strengths, weaknesses, and interpretation issues. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2002;65(20):1459-1470.


ATSDR. Toxicological profile for lead. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Updated 2023.


Aylward LL, Hays SM. Biomonitoring equivalents for interpreting human biomonitoring data for metals. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2008;51(3):S49-S63.


Bailey RL, West KP Jr, Black RE. The epidemiology of global micronutrient deficiencies. Ann Nutr Metab. 2015;66(Suppl 2):22-33.


Bailey RL, et al. Serum versus red blood cell folate concentrations and their association with metabolic outcomes. Clin Chem. 2017;63(6):1044-1052.


Bock KW. The UDP-glycosyltransferase (UGT) superfamily: coordinated regulation and pharmacological impact. Drug Metab Rev. 2016;48(3):281-299.


Chen Z, Zheng L, Jiang J, et al. The role of phase I and phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes in xenobiotic detoxification and metabolic health. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:887633.


Cooper GM, et al. Urinary organic acids as functional markers of nutrient status. Clin Biochem. 2016;49(12):899-908.


Cosnes J, et al. Nutritional consequences of inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2011;140(6):1673-1681.


de Baaij JHF, Hoenderop JGJ, Bindels RJM. Magnesium in man: implications for health and disease. Physiol Rev. 2015;95(1):1-46.


Frederiksen H, Skakkebaek NE, Andersson AM. Metabolism of phthalates in humans. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2007;51(7):899-911.


Fuhrman BJ, Schairer C, Gail MH, et al. Estrogen metabolism and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2012;104(4):326-339.


Genuis SJ, Sears ME. Assessing toxic exposures in clinical practice: interpretation of blood, urine, hair, and nail testing. Altern Med Rev. 2010;15(1):14-22.


Gropper SS, Smith JL, Carr TP. Advanced nutrition and human metabolism. 7th ed. Cengage Learning; 2018.


Hayes JD, Flanagan JU, Jowsey IR. Glutathione transferases. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2005;45:51-88.


Huang J, Hu H, Wu Y, et al. Hair and nail analysis for biomonitoring of heavy metals: advantages and limitations. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2020;196(1):1-8.


Jia W, Xie G, Jia W. Bile acid–microbiota crosstalk in gastrointestinal inflammation and carcinogenesis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;15(2):111-128.


King JC. Zinc: an essential but elusive nutrient. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;94(2):679S-684S.


Klaassen CD, Watkins JB. Mechanisms of bile formation, hepatic uptake, and biliary excretion. Pharmacol Rev. 1984;36(1):1-67.


Klee GG. Dried blood spot testing: applications and limitations. Clin Chem. 2014;60(5):713-714.


Koch HM, Calafat AM. Human body burdens of chemicals used in plastic manufacture. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2009;364(1526):2063-2078.


Needham LL, Calafat AM, Barr DB. Uses and issues of biomonitoring. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2007;210(3-4):229-238.


Panda C, Komarnytsky S, Fleming MN, et al. Guided metabolic detoxification supports Phase II detoxification enzymes and antioxidant balance in healthy adults. Nutrients. 2023;15(9):2209.


Sears ME, Kerr KJ, Bray RI. Arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury in hair, nails, blood, and urine: a systematic review. J Environ Public Health. 2012;2012:184745.


Silva MJ, Barr DB, Reidy JA, et al. Urinary levels of seven phthalate metabolites in the U.S. population. Environ Health Perspect. 2004;112(3):331-338.


Smith DR, Flegal AR. Lead in the biosphere: recent trends. Ambio. 1995;24(1):21-23.


Stabler SP. Vitamin B12 deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(2):149-160.


Sui Y, Wu J, Chen J. The role of β-glucuronidase in gut microbiota-mediated estrogen metabolism and enterohepatic circulation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12:631730.


Tate JR, Johnson R, Cox J, et al. Limitations of serum ferritin in the diagnosis of iron deficiency. Clin Biochem Rev. 2017;38(3):147-158.


Teeguarden JG, Twaddle NC, Churchwell MI, et al. Urinary and serum bisphenol A pharmacokinetics in humans following ingestion. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2011;255(2):128-136.


Volpe SL. Magnesium in disease prevention and overall health. Adv Nutr. 2013;4(3):378S-383S.


Walsh J, Griffin BT, Clarke G, Hyland NP. Drug-gut microbiota interactions: implications for metabolism and toxicity. Mol Pharm. 2018;15(8):2926-2941.


Ye X, Wong LY, Bishop AM, Calafat AM. Variability of urinary concentrations of bisphenol A in spot samples, first-morning voids, and 24-hour collections. Environ Health Perspect. 2011;119(7):983-988.


Ziegler RG, Fuhrman BJ, Moore SC, Matthews CE. Epidemiologic studies of estrogen metabolism and breast cancer. Steroids. 2015;99(Pt A):67-75.

 


CHAPTER 6


American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Committee on Clinical Consensus–Gynecology. Compounded bioidentical menopausal hormone therapy: ACOG Clinical Consensus No. 6. Obstet Gynecol. 2023;142(5):1266–1273.


Archer DF. Testosterone supplementation: oral, transdermal, and pellet therapy. Rev Urol. 2006;8(Suppl 3):S48–S53.


Boardman HMP, Hartley L, Eisinga A, et al. Hormone therapy for preventing cardiovascular disease in post-menopausal women. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2023;3:CD002229.


Castelo-Branco C, Gambacciani M, Cano A, Minkin MJ, Rachoń D. Review and meta-analysis: isopropanolic black cohosh extract iCR for menopausal symptoms – an update on the evidence. Climacteric. 2021;24(2):115-123.


Chadwick KA, Simpson CB, McGarey PO Jr, Estes CM, Nix J, Sulica L. Voice Change Following Testosterone Supplementation in Women: A Multi-Institutional Case Series. J Voice. 2021;35(6):936.e1-936.e7.


Chlebowski RT, Anderson GL, Sarto GE, et al. Colorectal cancer incidence and mortality in postmenopausal women after stopping estrogen plus progestin therapy. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2010;102(22):1725–1735.


Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer risk: Individual participant meta-analysis of worldwide epidemiological evidence. The Lancet. 2019;394(10204):1159–1168.


Csupor D, Lantos T, Hegyi P, Benko R, Viola R. Vitex agnus-castus in premenstrual syndrome: a meta-analysis of double-blind randomized controlled trials. Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 2019;47:102190.


Donovitz GS. Bioidentical hormone pellet therapy: an individualized approach to hormone therapy in women. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 2020;11:2042018820930403.


Gambacciani M, Levancini M. Hormone replacement therapy and the prevention of postmenopausal metabolic syndrome. Climacteric. 2021;24(4):365-371.
Gersh F, O'Keefe JH, Elagizi A, Lavie CJ, Laukkanen JA. Estrogen and cardiovascular disease. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2024;84:60-67.


Glaser RL, York AE. Subcutaneous testosterone pellet therapy in women: pharmacokinetics, safety, and outcomes. Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2021;12:20420188211015474.


Gomez F, de la Cueva R, Escobar-Jimenez F, et al. Subcutaneous hormone pellet therapy in postmenopausal women: pharmacokinetics and clinical response. Maturitas. 2007;56(4):410–418.


Harman SM, Brinton EA, Cedars M, et al. KEEPS: The Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study. Climacteric. 2005;8(1):3-12.


Hedaoo K, Shukla S, Jagtap S, et al. Exploring the efficacy and safety of black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) in treating menopausal symptoms: a review and clinical perspective. Journal of Menopausal Medicine. 2024;15010:1-9.


Henderson VW, St John JA, Hodis HN, McCleary CA, Stanczyk FZ, Shoupe D. Cognitive effects of estradiol after menopause: a randomized trial of the timing hypothesis. Neurology. 2016;87(7):699-708.


Hodis HN, Mack WJ. A “window of opportunity:” The reduction of coronary heart disease and total mortality with menopausal therapies is age- and time-dependent. Brain Res. 2011;1379:244-252.


Hodis HN, Mack WJ. Menopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy and Reduction of All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Disease: It Is About Time and Timing. Cancer J. 2022;28(3):208-223.


Holtorf K. The bioidentical hormone debate: are bioidentical hormones (estradiol, estriol, and progesterone) safer or more efficacious than commonly used synthetic versions in hormone replacement therapy? Postgrad Med. 2009;121(1):73-85.


Hunter MS, Hardy C, Northover H. The impact of menopausal symptoms on work performance: a systematic review. Menopause. 2021;28(8):931-941.


Islam RM, Bell RJ, Green S, et al. Safety and efficacy of testosterone for women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. 2019;7(10):754–766.


Kingsberg SA, Schaffir J, Goldstein I, et al. Vulvar and vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women: findings from the REVIVE survey. Journal of Sexual Medicine. 2020;17(3):558-566.


Labrie F, Archer DF, Bouchard C, et al. Combined hormone replacement therapy with daily percutaneous estradiol and sublingual micronized progesterone. Menopause. 1999;6(4):273–279.


Lauby-Secretan B, Scoccianti C, Loomis D, et al. Breast cancer screening—viewpoint of the IARC Working Group. New England Journal of Medicine. 2015;372(24):2353–2358.


L’Hermite M. Bioidentical menopausal hormone therapy: registered hormones (estradiol, progesterone) preferable to compounded products. Climacteric. 2022;25(2):109–116.


L’Hermite M, Simoncini T, Fuller S, Genazzani AR. Could transdermal estradiol plus progesterone be a safer postmenopausal HRT? A review. Maturitas. 2008;60(3-4):185-201.


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Manson JE, Aragaki AK, Rossouw JE, et al. Menopausal hormone therapy and long-term all-cause and cause-specific mortality: the Women’s Health Initiative randomized trials. JAMA. 2017;318(10):927-938.


Manson JE, Chlebowski RT, Stefanick ML, et al. Menopausal hormone therapy and health outcomes during the intervention and extended poststopping phases of the Women’s Health Initiative randomized trials. JAMA. 2013;310(13):1353-1368.


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Mong JA, Cusmano DM. Sex differences in sleep: impact of biological sex and sex steroids. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 2023;378(1872):20210200.


Morselli LL, Mokhlesi B, Van Cauter E. Sex differences in sleep and sleep-disordered breathing. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2020;105(6):e2198-e2213.


Naseri R, Akbari Z, Gholami M, et al. Comparison of Vitex agnus-castus extracts with placebo in alleviating menopausal symptoms: a randomized controlled study. Korean Journal of Family Medicine. 2019;40(3):165-172.


Newman M, Precision Analytic Group. 3,3′-diindolylmethane effects on the urinary estrogen profile in premenopausal women. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies. 2024;24:47.


Nunes E, Gallardo E, Morgado-Nunes S, Fonseca-Moutinho J. Steroid hormone levels in postmenopausal hysterectomised women with and without ovarian conservation: the continuous endocrine function of the ovaries. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2023;43(1):2141618.


O’Neill T, Reid R, Kay V. Impact of menopausal symptoms on women’s work performance, attendance, and career decisions. Occupational Medicine. 2023;73(6):332-339.


Pinkerton JV, Guico-Pabia CJ, Taylor HS. Menstrual cycle-related exacerbation of depressive symptoms in perimenopausal women and treatment considerations. Menopause. 2020;27(9):1037-1046.


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